Drug Reactions Of The Elderly Population Greater Than 65...

Polypharmacy is an emerging problem that has drastically increased in the past 20 years (Alpert, 2015). This is a huge problem in the elderly population greater than 65 years old because this group is more likely to have been diagnosed with multiple conditions that require many different medications. Other reasons include the increasing availability of newer medications that treat more than one condition, the elderly who are known to be on multiple pills a day, and providers prescribing more than one drug to aggressively treat chronic conditions (Alpert, 2015). About 44% of men and 57% of women greater than 65 years of age take five or more medications in a week, about 10% of both men and women take more than ten pills each week (Woodruff, 2010). The main concern about having the elderly on so many medications at once is the chance of adverse drug reactions from potential drug interactions. They can be on both prescribed medications and over the counter medications, vitamins, or supplements. The most common over the counter medications that often lead to serious adverse drug reactions include acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and aspirin (Woodruff, 2010). Another reason that the elderly are more susceptible to adverse drug reactions is the fat and water composition changes, they have increased fat storage and decreased total body water, this allows for higher concentration of water soluble drugs and longer half-lives of fat soluble drugs (Woodruff, 2010). Changes in the liver andShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of A Geriatric Syndrome Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagespolypharmacy as the consequences of multiple concurrent medications taken to primarily manage existing health problems such as hypertension and diabetes. Polypharma cy is a typical problem among older adults. Currently, adults within the age bracket of 65 years and above take five or more medications on a weekly basis, 57% of which are women and 44% are men. Besides, the prevalence of polypharmacy is about 12% of both women and men that take ten medications and above per week (Lenander et.al, 2015). UnderstandingRead MoreEmotional Changes In Older Adults1117 Words   |  5 Pagesadults are at risk for adverse drug events (ADE’s). These factors could be, polypharmacy, medication metabolism or improper medication administration. Older adults are often prescribed multiple medications to treat a variety of chronic illnesses. The average older person consumes five to eight drugs daily (Chia, 2006). Polypharmacy has a strong correlation to Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) which can have devastating results in older adults. As a society with an aging population, it is crucial that we properlyRead MorePatient s Drug History For Disease Control And Prevention2536 Words   |  11 Pagesmore medications than clinically justified† (Chiang-Hanisko, 2014). According to The Center for Disease Control and Prevention between 2007 and 2010 nearly 25% of the elderly population were prescribed 5 or more medications. Due to the longer life expectancy, the aging population is more vulnerable to polypharmacy because they often have several comorbidities. The issue lies when several providers prescribe multiple medications and are not knowledgeable about the patient’s drug history. PolypharmacyRead MoreSubstance Use And Abuse Among The Elderly Population2853 Words   |  12 Pages Substance Use and Abuse among the Elderly Population Joshua Antonio Dye Arkansas State University Introduction of the Issue The population of seniors and older adults are establishing an ever increasing concern to the United States and its system of health care. Life expectancy in America has increased and those who are blessed with old age are receiving all the side effects, from oral and health care concerns, to housing and nursing needs. Older adults are people aged sixtyRead MoreHealth Insurance : A Fundamental Aspect Of The United States1851 Words   |  8 Pagesof its workforce as well as the wellbeing of the elderly members of the society. Medicare is one such program that provides health insurance to elderly Americans aged 65 years and above. The Medicare program is administered by the American federal government through private organizations. The program is thus funded through Payroll Tax as well as premiums from the revenues of the beneficiaries of the program. Younger Americans below the age of 65 years can also benefit from the program if they are disabledRead MoreNursing Paper: Gerontologic al and Geriatric Nursing1702 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Nursing Paper-Gerontological Griatric Nursing NUS 401 Assignment 18 December 2012 1. End of Life Issues and the Elderly (2) Identify and discuss the role of the nurse in providing family centred care to an elderly client who is palliative and living at home with his/her spouse or another family member. Palliative care is an approach to provide a coordinated medical, nursing, and allied health service to address the patients physical, social emotional and spiritual needsRead MoreSubstance Abuse in the Elderly, Disabled, and LBGT Populations2316 Words   |  10 Pagesabuse by examining populations that are often overlooked in addiction studies. Over the past several decades, many general studies have been done about the prevalence and effects of addiction. These studies often focus on risk factors, daily use and/or treatment, and information is gathered through polls and observations. Most of these studies, however, are nonspecific regarding social and cultural factors. I will focus on how addiction affects three vulnerable populations: the elderly, disabled, andRead MoreCaring For The Elderly And Aging2343 Words   |  10 PagesCaring for the Elderly and Aging Old age or the later years of adulthood and the final steps of life begins about the mid-sixties. .With people living longer, the elderly population is growing nearly as fast as the U.S. population as a whole. As more people retire from the labor force, the share of retired elderly will increase, demanding more health care and other resources. But most importantly, the elderly will be more visible in everyday life. For most of our population, gray hair, wrinklesRead MoreMedication Error And Its Adverse Effects On The Elderly1564 Words   |  7 PagesError and its adverse effects to the elderly Firehiwot Bealy University of Regina Medication Error and Its Adverse Effects Older adults are at high risk for adverse effects of medication error more than their counteract younger adults. This is because they depend on more than one medication in order to treat or prevent disease, syndromes and sickness (Lindenberg, 2010). It is inevitable that the elderly face adverse effects of drugs while on medication especially when theyRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Older Adults2030 Words   |  9 Pagesliability of their functions and abilities due to aging. Many elderly adults may be unaware of the physical changes caused by drug usage and their bodies may become tolerant to the medications. There can be ways to monitor medication with older adults. Our cognition changes as we age. We tend to react differently to certain life situations and the information that we input in our brains are in a more complex process. During a person’s older years, there are different offsprings of multiple health problems

Public School For Reconsider Publicly Funding Catholic...

Gabriella DeFina Mr. McGilly ENG 3U1 Friday, May 13, 2016 Time to Reconsider Publicly Funding Catholic Schools In Toronto alone there are about 800 schools of all grade levels. Within these 800, approximately 200 of them are catholic, thereby meaning about 25% of schools in Toronto are catholic. This poses the question: Why Catholics? Why does the government choose this religion to publically fund as an individual board? It could relate to back in the 1600s when the world was pretty much an Oligarchy of Theocracy. However, it is now the 21st century and the world does not work like that anymore. Although prevalent, Catholicism is not what it used to be. Nowadays, it is more a personal choice rather than the societal norm. In†¦show more content†¦Why did our ancestors decide it was necessary to have religion and education as a combined learning environment? This can be traced back to the settlement of the British and French. This is an indication that Canada has always been a constant battle between protestant and catholic. Evidently, the British prevailed, this is the beginning of a country devoted to Christianity, or was. The world is not what it used to be, people do not surround their lives around religion anymore, especially youth. There are so many other pressing topics that are circulating the world today that religion is no longer in the spotlight. Therefore, since times are changing rapidly, education systems should follow. Realistically speaking, students are not as devoted Catholics as the Catholic school expects them to be. As someone who has been in a catholic school for my entire life, it is fair to say that my peers do not take the religious aspects of Catholic schools seriously. Mass has commonly become an excuse to skip and sleep in or do other assignments. Religion is considered a â€Å"joke class† that students do not care about. Prayers on the announcements have become a great way to waste class time or it is simply boring. Catholics who created the initial catholic schools would be rolling in their graves at the disrespect students give to catholic schools. It is evide nt that religion no longer fits into the norm of schools. There should be a time and place

Evaluate President Kennedy’s Handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis Free Essays

In 1962 the humankind faced the biggest threat to destroy itself. In 1962 October the Cuban Missile crisis broke out and for thirteen days held the world as its hostage. The Crisis broke out when Khrushchev brought his missiles in Cuba to help Cuba protect themselves from possible attack and invasion from United States of America. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluate President Kennedy’s Handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since Cuba is a neighbour to United States this action threatened to USA only by its existence. For America the main goal was to persuade Khrushchev to take back the missiles. Achieving this goal the most important persona was John Fitzgerald Kennedy, whose successes and failures were crucial in the progress of Cuban Missile Crisis. Firstly, one of the failures of President Kennedy is that he underestimated Cuba and its relationships with Soviet Union. Only when the Missiles were placed in Cuba America’s spies noticed that they do exist. America and its leaders nor did expect that Soviet Union could place Missiles in Cuba, nor payed much attention what is happening so close to them. Somehow Americans missed intense ship routs between Soviet Union and Cuba and did not thought that they can hide loads dangerous to whole human kind. The second failure of F. Kennedy was that he provoked the crisis to break out. He was the first one who placed missiles in Turkey near the territory of Soviet Union and by this action threatened to the country. When the Missile Crisis broke out F. Kennedy did not even remembered that America has its powerful weapons near the territory of Soviet Union. Also, Americans were the ones who wanted Fidel Castro and communism elimination from Cuba and by this wish they encouraged Soviet Union to take action. Soviet Union held itself as a country responsible for the spread of communism and America only proved that communism needs to be defended. So for Soviet Union it was a moral and legal justification by placing missiles in Cuba because of America’s president’s actions earlier. Secondly, the success of F. Kennedy is that he managed to convince the rest of the world that the placement of the missiles so close to the USA’s territory is a unjust action toward America. Having in mind that Americans were the first ones who places such powerful weapons near the Soviet territory this task should have been very difficult. The main argument for F. Kennedy was that he did not hide himself and his action when he placed his missiles in Turkey and the SU did hide its actions. F. Kennedy with this argument managed persuade the rest of the world that Soviet Union are the first one who started threaten for USA and not contrary. Also, F. Kennedy’s success was that he did not publicly enjoy and proclaim his nuclear power in the world arena. The fact that he did forget the fact that America has its missiles in Turkey proves the fact that he did not hide anything, but also did not remind to everyone about his countries power. This feature was very useful during the missile crisis, since it helped to save America’s as innocent victim image. The President even managed to justify its missiles in Turkey by saying that the NATO was responsible for the place of missiles and only USA provided it with them. Moreover, the President succeeded in not only saving America’s image, but also his own. In the time of crisis during the meeting of his principal advisory group he taped the meeting. In the tape he postured himself as a leader, whose only goal is peace and good relationships with Cuba. Furthermore, F. Kennedy’s other success was his determination peacefully solve this dispute. He was gave orders to his subordinates to remove the missiles from Turkey even though it could not be seen done so in exchange for Soviet Union’s removal of its missiles from Cuba. In addition to that, F. Kennedy succeeded in controlling the situation. He gave explicate orders not to fire the missiles in Turkey without his direct orders. In this way he prevented the misunderstandment between officers and made sure that only if Soviet Union attack for sure, USA will respond. F. Kennedy wanted himself determine whether America’s nuclear weapons will be used or not. Also, F. Kennedy understood as clearly as no one else how dangerous and destroying the nuclear war can be. He also understood that this missile crisis was a step, that could lead to the break out of World War 3 and possibly a nuclear war. Because of this knowledge F. Kennedy pushed for compromise much more stronger that anyone in his administration did. The last Kennedy’s success in handling Cuban Missile Crisis was that after the removal of Soviet Union’s missiles from Cuba America’s leader did not boost himself nor humiliate Soviet Union in achieving its goal. With this way he extinguished the dispute for many years. To conclude, we can state that Kennedy during Cuban Missile Crisis made his mistakes, but the good decisions overbalanced the bad ones. President Kennedy with his wish of peace managed to handle the Crisis, his owns and Americans emotions. This Crisis could have lead to the end of the world, but because of Kennedy’s and Khrushchev’s actions it did not. How to cite Evaluate President Kennedy’s Handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Papers

Making Grape as an ink free essay sample

Grape is a fruiting berry of the deciduous woody vines of the botanical genus Vitis. Grapes can be eaten raw or they can be used for making wine, jam, juice, jelly, grape seed extract, raisins, vinegar, and grape seed oil. Grapes are a non-climacteric type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters. The combination of unique texture and sweet, tart flavor has made grapes an ever popular between-meal snack as well as a refreshing addition to both fruit and vegetable salads. Grapes are a type of fruit that grow in clusters of 15 to 300, and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange and pink. White grapes are actually green in color, and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape. Mutations in two regulatory genes of white grapes turn off production of anthocyanins, which are responsible for the color of purple grapes. [6] Anthocyanins and other pigment chemicals of the larger family of polyphenols in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in red wines. [7][8] Grapes are typically an ellipsoid shape resembling a prolate spheroid. Most grapes come from cultivars of Vitis vinifera, the European grapevine native to the Mediterranean and Central Asia. The potential of black grape, as an ink, is the anthocyanins in its content. Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design. Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescers, and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink’s carrier, colorants, and other additives affect the flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry. B. Statement of the Problem Inks today have many artificial chemicals that could harm one’s health. Some commercials would say that their ink is non-toxic but it doesn’t mean that it can’t harm our environments. Because of these, an alternative for this problems is by using black grape’s juice as ink. C. Objectives of the Study General Objectives: †¢This investigatory project aims to find out if black grape juice can be used to create an ink.. Specific Objectives: †¢To determine if vinegar can strengthen the color of the product. †¢To determine if cornstarch can contribute to achieving the right consistency of the black grape ink. D. Significance of the Study This investigatory project will benefit people by producing alternative ink. Even though grapes are expensive, it is harmless compared to commercially produced inks that have dangerous chemicals. Black grapes are less expensive when it comes to health compared to commercially produced ink because when swallowed, it needs medical attention because of its possible side effects. E. Scope and Limitations of the Study The researchers will not discuss any far-off topics that will confuse the readers. The researchers will not cover further research like health benefits of grapes like astringent, anti-inflammatory antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic agent, anti-tumor agent other species of grapes, and other products related to ink, uses in printers, copiers and ball pens. The research is only limited in producing ink from black grapes. F. Definition of Terms Ink Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design. Anthocyanins – are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that may appear red, purple, or blue depending on the pH. Cornstarch or maize starch is the starch derived from the corn (maize) grain. The starch is obtained from the endosperm of the corn kernel. Vinegar is a liquid that is produced from the fermentation of ethanol into acetic acid. The fermentation is carried out by bacteria. Chapter II Review of Related Literature Grape(Vitis vinifera) Grapes are said to be the oldest cultivated fruit. Grapes were found in Egyptian tombs and in the tombs of pre-Christ era as well. This proves the popularity of this fruit. Grapes are natives of Western Asia and Central Europe. From there, grapes have made a long journey to reach all across the globe. South America and North Eastern America are the places of origin for other species, known as the New World species. (Source: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Grape) Several recent studies on grape extract intake by animals, as well as grape juice intake by humans, suggest that grapes may provide us with some important cognitive benefits. Grapes have shown to contain hormone and antioxidant melatonin as well as unique oligopeptides (small protein-like molecules) that have anti-bacterial and other properties. With their overwhelming number of health-supportive phytonutrients, it is not surprising that grapes have been shown to provide many of our body systems with predictable benefits. Areas of benefit in grape include the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, immune system, inflammatory system, blood sugar regulating system, and nervous system. Another area of special benefit is cancer prevention, with risk of breast, prostate, and colon cancer emerging as the most likely areas of grape anti-cancer benefits. ( Source: http://www. whfoods. com/genpage. php? tname=foodspicedbid=40#healthbenefits) Anthocyanins Anthocyanins are found in the cell vacuole, mostly in flowers and fruits but also in leaves, stems, and roots. In these parts, they are found predominantly in outer cell layers such as the epidermis and peripheral mesophyll cells. Anthocyanins are considered secondary metabolites as a food additive with E number E163 (INS number 163); they are approved for use as a food additive in the EU, Australia and New Zealand. Although anthocyanins are powerful antioxidants in vitro, this antioxidant property is unlikely to be conserved after the plant is consumed. As interpreted by the Linus Pauling Institute and European Food Safety Authority, dietary anthocyanins and other flavonoids have little or no direct antioxidant food value following digestion. Unlike controlled test-tube conditions, the fate of anthocyanins in vivo shows they are poorly conserved (less than 5%), with most of what is absorbed existing as chemically modified metabolites that are rapidly excreted. (Source: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Anthocyanin) Cornstarch Corn starch is used as a thickening agent in liquid-based foods (e. g. , soup, sauces, gravies, custard); it is mixed-in with a lower-temperature liquid to form a paste or a slurry. This white powdery substance is used for many culinary, household, and industrial purposes. Corn starch is comprised of long chains of starch molecules, which when heated in the presence of moisture, will unravel and swell. This swelling action, or gelatinization, is what causes the thickening to occur. Corn starch is mainly composed of the amylase and amylopectine molecules. When mixed with water, starch readily becomes a suspension. Depending on the amount of starch that is added into the water, the suspension can either have the same texture as honey or glue. (Sources: http://www. ask. com/question/properties-of-cornstarch, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Corn_starch,http://foodreference. about. com/od/Food-Additives/a/What-Is-Corn-Starch. htm) Vinegar Vinegar consists of acetic acid (CH3COOH), water and trace amounts of other chemicals, which may include flavorings. The concentration of the acetic acid is variable. Distilled vinegar contains 5-8% acetic acid. Spirit of vinegar is a stronger form of vinegar that contains 5-20% acetic acid. Commercial vinegar is produced either by fast or slow fermentation processes. In general, slow methods are used with traditional vinegars, and fermentation proceeds slowly over the course of months or a year. The longer fermentation period allows for the accumulation of a nontoxic slime composed of acetic acid bacteria. (Sources:http://chemistry. about. com/od/chemicalcomposition/f/What-Is-The-Chemical-Composition-Of-Vinegar. htm, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vinegar) Chapter III Methodology A. Materials 1/2 of black grapes 6 tbsp of vinegar 6 tbsp of cornstarch Bowl Measuring cups Electric Juicer Sauce Pan B. Procedures 1. Remove the grapes from their stems and wash it. 2. Put the grapes in the electric juicer and fill up the measuring cup up to 300 ml of grape juice. 3. Put the grape juice in a sauce pan and mix with 6 tbsp of cornstarch or desired consistency and mix until the cornstarch is dissolved. Heat the grape juice and stir. 4. When the grape juice boiled, pour 6 tbsp of vinegar while stirring and remove the sauce pan from heat. Pour the grape juice into a bowl and let it cool down. 5. Use paint brush to test if the grape juice is compatible as an ink. Outcome of the ink Chapter IV Results and Discussion, Conclusion, Recommendation A. Results and Discussion The vinegar and cornstarch used in making an ink results to a thick consistency and consistent colour which is good for the usage of the ink. The researcher’s observations prove that adding vinegar to the mixture can be made into an ink because without the vinegar there would be no consistency on the mixture and it will be less seen. The colour of the black grape ink in the paper turned into brown like colour after it dries up. B. Conclusion Black grapes can be used as an ink.. Cornstarch is an efficient additive to have the right consistency of the product. Also vinegar is also efficient, though there is no obvious change in colour, it was seen that it gave the ink a consistent colour. The researchers recommended boiling the black grape juice in medium heat to avoid staining the base inside the sauce pan which affects the colour of the juice. Also, find out how long is the lifespan of the black grape ink to know how many black grapes to buy to avoid wasting too much grapes. C. Recommendation The researchers would want to recommend to the other researchers who would pursue the study to find out the lifespan of black grape ink and compare the differences with other fruit inks to find out which is more suitable to be used as ink. Budget Estimate Print and photocopies Php Folders Php 45. 00 Grapes Php 245. 00 Cornstarch Php 25. 30 Vinegar Php 2. 00 Total Php 317. 30