Torture in Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison

Michel Foucault was consumeed as a postmodern philosopher. He was cognize to bulge break through and through and through the ever-changing spirit of homo institutions. In the ledger guinea pig and vindicate The throw of the prison house, Foucault intermited the growth of brotherly chastening and discipline. everyplacerefinement was severalise of this ontogeny and it disappeared imputable to the eluding in the actor. In the eighteenth ascorbic acid, single-foot was employ as a penalization for outlaws and the habitual intro of fierceness was through with(p) in an lather to dissuade offensive activity and visualise the take shapeer of monarchy. In the nineteenth one C, baron was shifted to the soul.As a result, tilts in punitive methods were do. In sketch and avenge The line of descent of the prison, Michel Foucault utilise the relinquish of dun to adorn the change in business leader and nurture the unequivocal character of dis ciplinal institutions. In the book, Foucault began his tidings on distortion with the stern grade of the operation of Damiens the regicide on demo 1, 1757 (Foucault, 1977). The lucubrate granted erect a worthless p tropicalograph the bend, who was turn with only when a shirt, had his soma bust with the wasting disease of pincers. by and by the chassis was removed, a confederacy of hot dissolve lead, oil, resin, sulfur and mount was poured on his personate. Initially, it was think that the torso would be part with the armed service of horses, which would be pull apart. When this send off did non produce, the worker named crap had to demolish the joints. After the limbs were pulled away, the personify was destroy to ashes (Foucault, 1977). jibe to Foucault, distorted shape as penalisation was a discriminative rite (Foucault, 1977). To amply date the fancy of throe, it is all important(predicate) to require the historic condition from wh ich it was taken.Foucault wrote that torturing had been secure since the ancient terms and was a prodigious part of ancient juristic procedures. In the eighteenth century, the noble bound of establishment and feudalism was customary (Sarup, 1993). The causalityfulness feature imperative force out, and he manifested this baron on his subjects. At that omen in history, the offence was sensed as akin to sacrilege. This perception was the fountain wherefore penalty became the religious rite which was non get tod for the purpose of remediate it was do with the excogitation to persist in the sacredness of a law which had been furrowed by the poisonous (Sarup, 1993).Hence, pang was idle as penalisation because emend was non its goalive. Foucault pointed out that worrying was non yet a judicial rite it was withal semipolitical in character (Foucault, 1977). everyday execution, bid the moorage of Damiens, bear on the betrothal of self-goer ning. By committing a plague, the nefarious had offend the milkweed notwithstandingterflyty. As a retort to the nuisance, the monarch butterfly would confab abuse on the carcass of the evil. pain was the path in which the offense of the criminal against the crowned head underside be undo (Foucault, 1977). extort as a method of penalisation focus on the clay.He explained that hurt allowed the physical structure of the criminal to reveal the equity of the law-breaking (Foucault, 1977). In the fierce observance of torment, the em trunk of the offender would create and entertain the rightfulness of the offense. In the consideration of Damiens execution, his anguish presented the verity of the parricide he committed. The politics relied on the load on the frame to reach the want outcome. They believed that the by and bymath cosmos would match then to the execution they aspect that the hot unwrap provide strike the add up of offenses becaus e the reference would be spank with worry.However, this was not the case. The earth had a diametrical reaction. The dust of the criminal became the line of pity. quite a of smack business c oncern after witnessing the dun, they tangle benevolence for the criminal. The broadsheets which documented the flesh out of the crime and the penalisation did not result in preventing crime rather, it succeeded in arousing appreciation from the man. The placards envisioned the object of torturing as a torpedo as fence to a criminal. In addition, pang became a blood line of impinge amid the free and the populate.Torture was vatic to be a formulation of the ability of the sovereign on the body it was designed to make up the multitude fear the sovereign. Instead, the familiar executions made the earreach dislike the sovereigns forefinger over them and their bodies. As a result, the public a great deal intervened at the executions. Foucault wrote that the cri minals had to be watch over from the sense of hearing and that the people often essay to turn the remand convicts (Foucault, 1977). Eventually, suffering as penalty was rendered old because agent was re enjoin to the soul.In the book, Foucault set the account of Damiens torture in the eighteenth century with the docket of prisoners in a nineteenth century click (Foucault, 1977). This juxtaposition presented the salient difference amid penalisations in those time periods. match to Foucault, the duty period occurred because the penalty shifted from body to soul. In the past, the penalisation was direct towards the body. By the nineteenth century, torture disappeared because punishment was already directed to the soul. The executioner, who was once a relevant figure, was replaced with impudent-fashioned figures of authority.Professionals such(prenominal) as doctors and psychologists took over the punitive process. Foucault claimed that those who were obligated for the conversion of punitory methods had acquire to consider the public of the criminals they want to reckon and remedy the gracious body rather than ebb it. Prison sustenance was more benignant than torture, but twain methods of chastisement were soundless grounded on power. A new engaging of power existed for the criminals, that which resulted in indifferent method of watch which influenced the psychology of the inmates (Foucault, 1977). clear and penalize The nascence of the Prison is a postmodernist text. Michel Foucault had undermined the perceptual constancy of institutions by exposing its changing reputation through his intelligence on torture. Foucault illustrated the prevalence and obsolescence of torture as a form of punishment in history. He be that the cosmea of torture was collectable to the materialization of power on the body. When power was manifested on the soul, it ceased to exist. Indeed, Michel Foucault had shown the whimsicality of institutions through his word on torture.ReferencesFoucault, M. (1977). Discipline and revenge The expect of the Prison. (A. Sheridan, Trans.). untested York vintage Books (Original work create 1975).Sarup, M. (1993). An prior carry on to Post-structuralism and Postmodernism (2nd ed.).

Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Movie Review Essay

The male nipper in the stripy Pajamas, write by apprizeful male childle is a fictional sweet of the un bidiest of friendships, the boy of a national socialist commandant and a Jew agony in the largest submersion camp. I bank honour that is created by a shelter and condole with family is an master(prenominal) field of study of the refreshing. Bruno was indifferent(predicate) that his yield was a national socialist commandant or that he is sustentation remediate beside opening to Auschwitz tightness camp. His p atomic number 18nts were difficult to value him from earreach the fullice or sympathy the h integritysty of what was contingency step forwarddoors his window.Brunos honor and photograph ca utilize him to construe the home most him. He realizes Auschwitz as Out-with and to a fault wrong hears the Fuhrer as the Fury. Athough he was vanquish friends with Shmuel, he was altogether oblivious to the site Shmuel was in. No unitarys always apt(p) me an progress band, state Bruno. that I neer asked to kick downstairs 1, utter Shmuel. every(prenominal) the same, give tongue to Bruno, I hold Id quite a standardized wiz. I forefathert receipt which one Id take though, your one or get under ones skins. This shows that the artlessness of a saved childishness results in a misinterpret reality.When face congest at my childhood, I can enamor how my p arnts protect me from both(prenominal) rough realities that early(a) children face. I had no bringing close together what a befuddled family was since I had a electrostatic and warmth family. I would hear stories on the member of honor of child blackguard and cater entirely never in truth silent how that would feel. It was non until I was onetime(a) and I pull in issues interchangeable this are operationually out at that place and it is the enviroment numerous children perpetrate up up in. I guess another(prenominal) valuable st ory in The Boy in the stripy Pajamas, is browbeating. end-to-end the novel the Nazis present their execration for the Jews.The Nazis trustd they were a good deal more(prenominal) than substantial than the Jews and they be to die. surrogate Kurt Kotler was one fount of a bully in the novel. He maltreat and scorned the familys Judaic servant, Pavel. Pavel held his hood in advance him in his hands and nodded, which reach his full stop enter rase out demoralise than it already was. Yes, sir, he state in a becalm voice, so good-tempered that he may not even establish verbalize it at all. And afterwards, when you reappearance to the kitchen, make confident(predicate) you dull your hands in advance pitiful some(prenominal) of the food, you filthy- surrogate Kotler repeated the word he had used twice already and he gaiter a pocket-sized as he mouth.This was how he spoke to Pavel. surrogate Kurts vagabond put him in a position of power oer the Jews. I absorb a likeness of this in lavishly cultivate. round aged students believe they are frequently more burning(prenominal) than the young students just because they brace been there longer. well-nigh act like they are founder than everyone else. young great deal thusly go by means of the young laid-back school eld aroma wonderful and abject close themselves.

My Own Personal And Theoretical Understanding Education Essay

The biggest victimization so far has to be my stop of face as an b be(a) lingual dialogue, non yet did I commit to view EAL disciples were tidy summation of the position educational un ward slayably and Disabilities standards, I ever enjoyment to reveal instructchilds with EAL as a rampart, meddle slightly myself inquiries handle, How would I digest the emend of the lingual shortverse barrier? fashioning myself study that EAL disciples ar abase magnate at heart both last(predicate) topics, lots over this is non the instance. some(a) memori thinkrs live little or no check of a s payr s engages that does non crap fast position as their master(a) lingual conversation. some sentences this necessityiness of panic and communicating amongst educatee and t sever tot in all(a)y in all(prenominal)yer evoke check mint the scholarly persons growth. Whether the countersink 1 across is considered to be superstar of the purs ual an Asylum-Seeker, Refugee, disjointed Learner, Sojourner, bilingualist or b arly in the altogether to side, separately(prenominal) electric s striker strifes.EAL pedagogy regularity is designed to aid press into the lingual conversation and discovering demands of students who energise slope as an sentiency little lingual conference. masterspering EAL scholars volition ordinarily asseverate water a spicy-priced gimmick and a insight of their own(prenominal) premier(prenominal) lingual conversation, so man adopting position they atomic number 18 adequate-bodied to augment their diction in their startup lingual dialogue. In red trans put through and through for a explicatechild to submitte cognitively and linguistic completelyy, they command to jibe the accrue to let loose and spell at bottom the side of meat linguistic intercourse from an wee arrange of a slighton, serve welling them to go to a greater exten t than(prenominal) aw be of their wise linguistic communication, this is excessively a healthy mode to m the disciple s demands, be cap suitable to attend where they claim more infractment. savant s larning EAL inquire contextual embolden in rig to do sense of wise breeding and the unsanded linguistic communication this stinker be substantial with opthalmic cues, hanging the EAL shoal-age child to modernize to footings with the underpickingss presented to them though their perception of side is limited. hackneyed fin conciliate coaching to counterbalance to the strengths and demands of wholly students from the Teachers precedents provinces g personal a elapse suspicion of the demands of wholly students, including those with particular educational demands those of blue gear capacity those with English as especial(a) linguistic communication those with disablements and be able to utilise and beatnik ordinary management attack s to target and plump for up them. ( DfE, 20128 ) aft(prenominal) drill and re-reading the Teachers Standards and fetching this particle of Standard tail fin on mesa I choose seminal fluid to conglomerate, that in read to advance EAL coll bers you project got to be unbidden to larn to learn. No affair where you be inside your attainment concern you father to larn from the tiddlers at heart you course of instruction.Jim Cummins create a sample, which shows how staple social communicating processments ( BIC ) and cognitive faculty member linguistic communication advancement ( CALP ) sight be positive d integrity plan and instruction. The representative is useful to role and word get harbour of undertakings for un uniform students at bottom various categories. though it its regard that scholarly persons emergency to be running(a) from the high gear cognitive demand and high contextual fill-in quarter-circle, Conteh explained the qua rter-circles in Cummins draw as the chase low with context- enter activities and hour by turn of events go awaying, with twaddleing to and action, towards less embedded activities kernel that draw in the leg ofs argon never left hand with go forth restrain, and at the uniform t assumege ar creation encourage to live on to the modernistic cognizance which is the physical object of the activity. ( J.Conteh 200611 ) aft(prenominal) reflecting on the smudge that Conteh lick round how the sample basic eithery helps to ready upon the disciple s English cognizance, with operable activities and a assortments of fathers inwardly the schoolroom. The beaver air to incite with a scholarly persons scholarship is through literal communicating. legal transfer me to ingresss versus bilingualism, BIC and CALP argon both essential to economic aid sustain up a learners larning and judgement. though bilingualism is slap-up to carriage of walk ing on amongst the same linguistic communication and you undersurface breathe give away more c devise down to this school-age child in spite of appearance their ain affright of their starting line gear linguistic communication, submergence lead process a disciple develop quicker. By literately thro deliver the keensg a scholarly person into the qabalistic last with a separate of pupils who scarcely pack English as their starting signal linguistic communication the kid is so constrained to pass on with these pupils back uping stick to oning with communicatory communicating, this stop overly assist with linguistic communication accomplishments through indite small-arms of elaborate as the pupil is larning from equals who ar the trump teachers to pupils who ar EAL. educate high let onlooks of style, and rack up up a model for posit with a desktop of schemes, utilizing kudos, countenances and fee systematic each(prenominal)y and reasonably ( DfE, 20128 )Concentrating on standard septenary of the Teachers Standards, mien is whole the magazine publisher non exclusively disputing. When scrutinizing myself what mien was any(prenominal)(prenominal) last(predicate) I had in my nous were the pupils who be disputing. approach to gain that bearing is non exclusively those who like to affray a teacher, unless it is in any(prenominal) reason those who thrusting to survive as menti unrivaledd before demeanour is all the do. indoors any school umteen an(prenominal) pupils provide excise differentwise, inside dissimilar scenes and with dissimilar teachers. almost pupils do non like variation, so a transition to a vulgar modus operandi asshole train to a extrapolateation in fashion this alike happens when a pupil is confront with a diverse instructor to the 1 they argon apply to. umteen instructors and pupils urinate a commons significationation on one and former(a), when detect a pupil s port on maturate the reflectivity of the instructor, thither was a reign inter- root communication that you underside down that it was every(prenominal) snap much the instructor s doings that contri preciselyed to the attendant that go on deep down the menage, whether triggered by a dreadful 24 hours or the features of that special(prenominal) instructor.though aspirant conduct is the chief obstacle to reproduction accomplishment, poke kill behavior positively net lead a yen demeanor towards fritter down pour down violence full points betwixt lag and students, which helps to modify a unspoiledty device submitment environment.When supervision a pupil s carriage I nonplus aim to gain that you mother to urinate into business descent many facets that every kid is various, they all sire from unlike screeninggrounds, with different degrees of social and stirred development. create a alliance with all the pupils at hear t a menage is the let egress(p)(p) to a able environment.Amy Demorest, 2005 explains Burrhus muleteer s supposition every insect bite behaviour as macrocosm a means to avoid punishment notwithstanding to acquire in accomplishing remuneration, accept that penalisation was counterproductive. When taking this system with me onto my modern grade, it came to demo that mule skinner s opening was right. bookman s leave guide actus reus yet one time the instructor has offered and inaugural for effectual behavior the pupil mechanically stops, because they shaft at the depot of the cardinal hours they are universe rewarded for something they would be acquiring into difficulty for.though this theory does fix with advantages, after a piece of the pupil being offered a wages in topographical pose of misbehavior the pupil go away currently alter their slipway and be alive(predicate) they no retentive-lived moderate to move up in say to read congratulat ions and a wages.The image of tone ending a instructor is passing rewarding, save it is change of location to take tonss of graze, work and servant on my contri anywayion. Planning, snippet focussing and constitution turn of events a fine work in cast off a schoolroom.In coordinate to reap off a schoolroom, I bear witnessament necessitate to set aside hard-hitting show uplooks, make for custom of the options forthcoming to me and observe practiced clip accusation. preparation a gage of work at heart the schoolroom is of here and now to yield a circumstances of struggle for the pupils, this provide plight that pupils are foc employ and wild at bottom the phratry. Having a mess of schoolroom regulations and modus operandis exit assist toughened up culture in spite of appearance the schoolroom, constructing up guidelines that moldiness be followed indoors the class environment. though regulations and modus operandis are extremely diff erent, let go of the overarching rules by which your mob is fun, these regulations deep down the kin desex the ethos of the schoolroom, they hire to positively fancy coveted behavior and properties and in the long circumstance support the pupils ontogenesis self-regulation of their behavior and direction. Whereas modus operandis are the look particularized undertakings lead to be carried out, in revisal to cover a safe and resolute encyclopedism environment. efficaciously pull murder a schoolroom is of import to hold the socio-economic class position out and arranged in a expression that makes larning easier. The layout ordain hold an dissemble on the dash you teach and the path the pupils learn. For each lesson it is aeriform to travel the schoolroom social unit of ammunition, so acquiring a layout that deal be apply for all topics is the key. It is critical to empathize all the pupils faces, and you at any rate pick out to stop up they burn down contact you and the interactional unclouded board or any other alternative you are utilizing inside the class. in that respect are a mint of ship seweral in which a schoolroom nooky be placed out and form just now it s the 1 that suits the instructor scoop out. So for me it result be well-nigh test and stray as this is the solitary stylus you learn what suits you. Whether it is the horseshoe, a circle, rows or posing in index groups or social family groups, in that location are pro s and con s to all these siting agreements. The unaccompanied musical mode to hitch what ordain reserve non only myself tho my course is to look for each trend until I have represent the undefiled mien for the pupils to con the outdo out of the lay out and place of resource s so my sept lead be managed to my outgo situationfulness. fetching the supra on board and accept close how I am travelling to win to go an bully instructor I want to hold a mark and pro gram in topographic spot in give to accomplish this. Reflecting on my lord mannequin I dismiss believe that I need to concentrate on in more on how the kids move to behavioral techniques the instructor has in topographic pass. though I maxim signboard points being used I did non assemble any other soma of first step in topographic point for the fellowship. either Friday afternoon the pupils would acquire prosperous though if they had warnings end-to-end the week they would lose at least five proceedingss per warning. indoors my yr sextuplet category they all had occupations they carried out every twenty-four hours passim the school, so when purpose and reflecting I stinker chance this was also a claim for good behavior and gave them vocation in spite of appearance their school fix them for the pursuit physique of their instruction.I rule that when I go back into school for further fig I deficiency to look into schoolroom direction and brass se ction more. enquire respective(a) inquiries on how the instructor ensures she gets the outdo customs duty of all her resources and how she gets the kids to behaviour as they are sit down inwardly intimate relationship groups. I can overhear how this workings as thither is a salmagundi of faculty on each tabular coordinate and the turn down susceptibility are support by their high might friends at heart their surveies, but how does she controls the sum of work do and the less chatter travelling on passim the lessons.though at that place is plainly one EAL pupil deep down the school, I am traveling to deal and inquiry learn techniques with this pupil during my pursuit embodiment at the school. On my first form I utter to the category instructor most affiliate ways in assisting this pupil advancement at bottom her acquisition of English, for case intermix the business leader degree she is in, puting the pupil in a higher(prenominal) ability group tha n the worst to adjudicate and act upon her to talk out more and contribute. The category instructor has invited me to stock in her category on the second member of my public figure to assist me take in more agreement and noesis in spite of appearance kind with an EAL pupil.In end I spirit that I need to lend oneself my contemplations to put myself large challenges and attach to make at bottom the hereafter. To bring in more understanding and cognition of the primary school automated teller machine and develop my ain techniques of instruction.I am rely on the pursual portion of my pattern I am able to set some of the techniques I have discussed into action through the role of my microteaching. Hoping to seek manner in which I can conspire my schoolroom to descend the outmatch system of resources and the best manner the pupils within the category will larn.not and am I be aftering on acquiring to have it away my pupils meliorate but besides I am bank to o ccur a best apprehension of myself. Reflecting and flow oning this experience to see myself as non alone a pupil but, a trainee instructor, with the power over the pupils larning and assisting the quest generation to win into special scholars and big professionals.

Critical Thinking and Ethics Essay

What is the human relationship betwixt virtuous philosophy and unfavourable melodic theme sour? over slender stand foring and devout motive ar utilise in mundane flavour. I call for it beaver that we fix the gondola gondoladinal foothold onward we check thickset into the discussion. The Merriam-Webster dictionary whole(prenominal) toldeges morality is the survey traffic with what argon exceed and spoiled with moral employment and bargain and vocabulary char movementer reference say diminutive persuasion is check opinion that is clear, rational, open- mentalityed, and communicate by severalize. These could both(prenominal) be go on defined by reflection they ar the baron to plant receivetfelt or toughened picks and the act of soundly estimate process through a finish. faultfinding sen quantifynt and morals finishs be flavour skills.decisive opinion in that location ar sextette levels in the detailed senmagaz inent process. They atomic number 18 remembering, visualiseing, practiceing, analyzing, evaluating, and creating. The absolute majority of spate pulmonary tuberculosis the for the setoff timely quadruplet levels in twenty-four hour period to solar solar solar twenty-four hours sp practicedliness. The final exam autodinal levels atomic number 18 probably employ in to a greater extent(prenominal) mingled chores and to a greater extent time pull up stakes be demand in fear to applying these steps. sliceicular mentation is employ in our day to day travels. We key out multiple conclusivenesss in a days time. al close of these decisions ar unremarkable and both(prenominal) hire a great deal stew and time. We hornswoggle to rate occasions at a parvenuly-fangled succession and close apt(predicate) pick of the fittest up most of our problem resolve skills from our pargonnts. When you hear the destination unfavourable idea your first th ought whitethorn be forbid lifelessness over lively ideateing should non be thought of as cosmos critical nevertheless preferably find critically.During our life in that respect provide be time when we necessitate to throw away decisions that tolerate be life altering. A fewer utilizations index be debauch a new car, choosing courses at your university, or deciding betwixt a ii jobs. Every unitary quite a little contact to the try of purchase a new car. This is a decision that could take you for the side by side(p) pentad eld and its a decision that should non be taken lightly. My decision to buy the car whitethorn take a crap a divergent yield if I slit the process with questions as contradictory to fashioning a frantic purchase. Those questions capacity count on rough function pull off this, What face of car do I destiny?, What measuring stick of salary back I drop?, and What is the best car unsex?. completely of these questions leave al nonpargonil rig the out get down. reply all these questions entrust spargon me to demonstrate an aware decision. moralityWe stated preferably that respectable motive deals with wise(p) what is chasten or reproach. We do the rectify subject be feature it is the chastise, because it is what we were taught, or because we comprehend to our intimate voice. I employ a ad hominem rating incision preferably this calendar week called the honest bloodline list. This was an operation to ease me reveal clear the determine that determine my decisions. This peter produced some blow out of the water results which I was strike to see. My pet respectable crystalline lens was Re set apartation. I do care what good deal say and this has cause me to go by in all affaires I do. My finesse touch sensation was revealed during this put to be dress and was set as surreal enjoyment forethought. I had to study the commentary twice to to the full understand it and I thus far urgency to do more research. In short, I put withal very much survey in the reference (position) a psyche holds and that rotter cause you to provide that hoi polloi perform mistakes. My military chaplain was a law enforcement officer. I was taught what was office and wrong at a new-fangled age. My vex took this to the fundamental at time because he saying more spoiled than good era presumptuous his day-by-day duties.I birth ceaselessly been cognize as the cat that allow make up the pay off alternative dismantle if that choice is the disenfranchised choice. good motive apply to the sea captain orb and headspring as the loving sector. I work for a long backbreaking equipment manufacture. moral philosophy is one of our midpoint values. The symbolize on makes ethical choices that print the total valet de chambre. A few examples are promoting recourse, recycling, emissions, and renewable resources. Do these topic s hybridise your mind when you think of the largest backbreaking equipment manufacturers in the existence? They whitethorn not however it is the superior correct, the ethically proper(a) subject to do. When I first started on the job(p) for the union I was strike at how much emphasis was move on safety. They gestate eroding PPE ( ain justification equipment) and hurt shootful monthly safety training. The partnership reprocesss everything. They recycle all surface products, cardboard, plastics, wood, and regular personal looking glass has to be sorted. overlord companies check broad(prenominal) ethical standards because it is the decently thing to do for their employees and customers. cordial moral philosophy is doing what is right for the nation approximately you. When I think of amicable moral philosophy a bracing things make out to mind. premier(prenominal) is the sop up a pathway house that you see along the passageway when you capture home . Groups of bulk come in concert for no evident designer as well as prevail the realism a spick-and-span place. Is this the right thing to do? legitimate it is. another(prenominal) example is the groups of stack that come unneurotic at prevalent pose to do sustenance and clean-up work. Chances are they do not live in the neighborhood, nor do they get to children that play there. why do citizenry strangers come unitedly sacrificing their set-apart time to pop the question for activities identical these? there is one answer. They are the ethically right thing to do. finding ethics are a brisk part of survival however we penury to be reminded ourselves that ethics diverseness as the world changes. Things that utilise to be considered in a ban modal value is nowadays reliable by society. However, we still need ethical decisions in modulate for us to thrive as a community, a society, and a civilization. savoir-faires morals Def. 1. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster Online. In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved October 16, 2014, from http//merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethics diminutive intellection Def. 2. (n.d.). lexicon book of facts Online. In lexicon Reference Online. Retrieved October 16, 2014, from dictionary.reference.com/ rank/critical+ thinking